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TIME: Almanac 1990
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1990 Time Magazine Compact Almanac, The (1991)(Time).iso
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time
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091189
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09118900.074
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1990-09-17
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VIDEO, Page 80Subversion by CassetteThe VCR boom spells trouble for authoritarian regimes
In Communist Cuba, movie fans enjoy watching the Red-bashing
heroics of Rambo on illicit videocassettes. In largely Muslim
Pakistan, puritanical censors can do little to stop a thriving
underground market for X-rated videotapes. In the Soviet Union,
video newsmagazines produced by the weekly political magazine
Ogonyok supply a provocative alternative to government-sanctioned
TV news. Karen rebels fighting against the government of Burma seek
to boost the morale of their troops with -- what else? -- camcorder
footage from the front.
For most Americans the home-video revolution has meant little
more than a bigger selection of movies to choose from on Saturday
night. Elsewhere in the world, however, the video age is bringing
profound cultural and political changes. Authoritarian governments
could once restrict the flow of information to their citizens by
controlling the content of radio and TV programs. Now the
proliferation of video recorders and the free flow of bootlegged
tapes have made that task much more difficult -- and opened the way
for subversion by videotape.
Though not yet the staple they have become in the U.S., VCRs
are common throughout the Third World, even in the poorest and most
remote areas. (In Bangladesh, where the annual per capita income
is about $150, there are an estimated 4,000 video clubs.) People
who do not have their own VCRs congregate in makeshift theaters,
video parlors or friends' homes to watch en masse. In some areas
a number of homes are linked to one VCR in a crude (and usually
illegal) cable-TV setup.
The main attraction is imported entertainment -- everything
from Hollywood hits like Rain Man to Indian soap operas and Hong
Kong martial-arts films. The influx of such fare has tended to
break down cultural barriers. Authorities in India and Pakistan,
for example, frown on the viewing of TV shows from across the
border. But popular Pakistani soap operas have found a receptive
video audience in India, while Hindi musicals from India are hits
with VCR watchers in Pakistan.
Some fear that the internationalization of TV entertainment
may lead to a loss of cultural identity. Chinese kung-fu films are
popular in Indonesia, for instance, despite criticism that such
films perpetuate images of Chinese superiority. The booming black
market in X-rated fare has disturbed religious and cultural leaders
in several Muslim countries. "Video watching is adding to the
degeneration of our youngsters," says Selima Rahman, an author in
Bangladesh. "If it is not checked soon, we will be faced with
complete moral decadence."
Perhaps the most subversive impact of the VCR, however, can be
seen in the political arena. No matter how firm a clamp is placed
on a nation's media, it can be thwarted by a determined opposition
armed with video cameras. Doordarshan, the state-run television
network in India, is regarded as a mouthpiece for the ruling
Congress (I) government; a more objective viewpoint is conveyed in
the widely circulated video magazine Newstrack. In Mexico a group
of independent filmmakers produced a video documentary showing
instances of government fraud after the elections in July 1988.
Indian tribes in Brazil keep video cameras handy to make a record
of their tribal customs and to record their meetings with
government officials. "That way," says Ailton Krenak, director of
the Union of Indigenous Nations, "we can catch their lies and make
them hold true to their promises."
Video is also a powerful weapon of revolutionary movements.
Palestinians are using video to document their claims of brutality
by Israeli soldiers in suppressing the intifadeh. The mujahedin
rebels of Afghanistan have shot hundreds of hours of videotape,
both to rally supporters and to supply foreign news organizations
with footage from the field. In 1984 members of the Tamil Eelam
Liberation Organization staged a surprise attack on a Sri Lankan
police station. The attack took place, daringly, in broad daylight
-- so that it could be recorded on video.
The use of video to flout political and cultural orthodoxy has
led to government crackdowns. Kenya has instituted a ban on videos
deemed to be morally offensive; titles on the hit list range from
Nude Jell-O Wrestling Special to The Year of Living Dangerously.
In July, Viet Nam's Minister of Culture, Tran Van Phac, blaming
videotapes for a breakdown in the morals of youth, called for
strict new measures to limit the importation of VCRs and the
viewing of cassettes.
Yet elsewhere the spread of videocassettes is helping to loosen
media restrictions. In Taiwan authorities have relaxed their
censorship of movies, reasoning that the films will be seen uncut
anyway on the video black market. Other countries, such as
Indonesia and Cuba, are trying to broaden the entertainment fare
offered on national TV channels in an effort to compete with home
video. "The only way to limit the influence of videos," says an
official of Indonesia's television authority, "is to give people
alternatives."